Dawn of the Industrial Age (246-249) and Britain Leads the Way (250-253)
Chapter 7: Section 1 and Section 2
The Industrial Revolution, which took place from the 18th to 19th centuries, was a period during which, rural societies in Europe and America became industrial and urban. Prior to the Industrial Revolution, which began in Britain in the late 1700's, manufacturing was often done in people’s homes, using hand tools or basic machines. Industrialization marked a shift to powered, special-purpose machinery, factories and mass production. The iron and textile industries, along with the development of the steam engine, played central roles in the Industrial Revolution, which also saw improved systems of transportation, communication and banking. While industrialization brought about an increased volume and variety of manufactured goods and an improved standard of living for some, it also resulted in often grim employment and living conditions for the poor and working classes.
-James Watt: Made improvements to steam engine -Smelt: Separating iron from its ore -Enclosure: The process of taking over and consolidating land formerly share by peasant farmers
• 1760's most people worked the land and made things by hand (Clothing, Food)
• 1850's villages turned into towns and cities and people started buying things others produced
• Between 1830 and 1855 many new inventions
• 1832 sheet glass developed by Chance Brothers
Checkpoint:
-Why was the Industrial Revolution a turning point in world history?
It was a turning point because new things were invented and a person's way of life got easier because they were able to obtain things easier than having to make them for themselves.
• Farming methods were improved.
-Dutch let the way in new agricultural revolution (built earthen walls known as dikes to reclaim land from the sea)
-Made smaller field into larger ones to efficiently use the land -Used fertilizer from livestock to renew the soil
A Watt steam engine. The steam engine, fueled primarily by coal, propelled the Industrial Revolution in Britain and the world.
• Enclosure increases output but causes migration
-landowners had enclosed land to gain more pastures for sheep to increase wool output
-1700's wanted larger fields that could be cultivated more efficiently
-as millions of acres were enclosed, farm output rose, profits rose because large fields needed fewer works
-farm laborers were thrown out of work and small farmers were forced off their land (couldn't compete with large landholders)
-jobless farm workers migrated to towns and cities, formed growing labor force that would soon lead to the Industrial Revolution
• Population Multiplies
-agricultural revolution reduced risk of death from famine because:
1. Created surplus of food
2. People ate better, so they were healthier
3. Better hygiene and sanitation
4. Improved medical care
5. Slowed deaths from disease
Checkpoint:
-How did an agricultural revolution contribute to population growth?
The agricultural revolution reduced the risk of death from famine because it created a surplus of food. Since people ate better; they were healthier. Also, better hygiene and sanitation, along with improved medical care, further slowed deaths from disease.
• 1700's people found uses for energy
• 1712 Thomas Newcomen developed coal powered steam engine to pump water out of mines
• 1764 James Watt improved steam engine to make more efficient
• Started finding other uses for coal in this time (Fuel, Iron production)
• 1709 Abraham Darby used coal apposed to charcoal to separate iron from its core
• Darby started producing less expensive, better quality iron.
⁃ Used as parts for steam engines
⁃ Darby built first iron bridge
Checkpoint:
-What new technologies helped trigger the industrial revolution?
The realization of coal's many uses served a great purpose. People used this as a better form of transportation.
-Capital: Money used to invest in enterprises. -Enterprise: A business organization in an area such as shipping, mining, railroads, or factories. -Entrepreneurs: People who managed and assumed the financial risks of starting new businesses. -Putting-out system- A system in which raw cotton was distributed to peasant families who spun it into thread that they used to make cloth in their own homes -Eli Whitney- Inventor of the cotton gin, a machine that separated seeds from raw cotton at a fast rate -Turnpikes- Private roads built by entrepreneurs who charged travelers a toll to use them -Liverpool & Manchester- English cities and endpoints on the first major rail line
• During the eighteenth century agricultural practices changed.
- More food was able to be produced
- Led to a population growth in Britain
- Led to farmers being homeless and jobless.
• With a growing population, there was more demand for labor to mine coal, build factories, and run machines.
• Natural Resources:
• Britain had a plentiful amount of natural resources such as natural ports and navigable rivers.
- Rivers supplied water power and allowed for the construction of canals.
- The canals increased trade and allowed goods to be brought in the markets.
- Britain was able to transport cheaply because of their easy accessibility to the sea from all points.
• Large supply of coal and iron.
This is a photo of men men mining coal. Britain had a plentiful supply of coal.
- Coal was used to power steam engines.
- Iron was used to build machines.
• During the 1700's Britain had many skilled mechanics who were eager to meet the growing demand for new and practical inventions.
- The large workforce and growing population boosted the demand for goods.
- Only thing missing was money to start businesses.
• Throughout the mid 1600's and the 1700's trade helped grow Britain's economy immensely.
- Factors that helped Britain's economy grow:
1) Slave Trade
2) Stable Government
- Britain's government built a strong navy that protected its empire, shipping, and overseas trade.
•Britain had a lot of advantages including not facing river tolls and other barriers, like other countries in Europe did.
Checkpoint:
- What conditions in Britain paved the way for the Industrial Revolution?
Population growth, supply of natural resources (such as natural ports and navigable rivers), supply of coal and iron, skilled mechanics, and a strong government.
•The Industrial Revolution started in the textile industry
-Textiles were Britain's largest industry
Eli Whitney's Cotton Gin http://www.mainlesson.com/display.php?author=bachman&book=inventors&story=whitney
-Textiles imported from India had become popular in the 1600's
-Merchants used a "Putting-out System" to distribute cotton to peasants to be spun into thread
•New inventions increased production rapidly
-John Kay invented the Flying Shuttle, which wove cloth at an extremely increased rate
-James Hargreaves invented the Spinning Jenny in 1764 to spin thread from cotton
-Eli Whitney invented the Cotton Gin in 1793, which cleaned raw cotton
•Factories replaced the Putting-out System
-New machines were too large and expensive to us in homes
-Manufactures built sheds along river banks to harness water power needed to run machines
-Factories did an exponentially greater amount of work than had been done before
Checkpoint
What led to the advancement of the British textile industry? New inventions like the Cotton Gin and the Spinning Jenny and the introduction of factories increased productivity and therefore increased overall production of cotton in Britain.
•Canal building went into a frenzy
-Canals earned revenue from tolls
-Made transporting goods easier and cheaper
-Prices of coal dropped
•Steam locomotives replaced canals
-Steam Locomotives were even faster and cheaper than canal travel
-Tracks didn't have to follow the path of a river
-By 1870, rail lines covered Britain, Europe, and North America
7.1
5. Which statement best describes the industrial revolution?
a. Important inventions suddenly changed life all across Europe
6. The industrial revolution began in
C. Britain
7. Charles Townshend and Jethro Tull were
a. developers of new agricultural techniques
8. What is one way improved agriculture contributed to population growth?
b. it created a surplus of food
9. How did enclosure affect British farmers?
d. Many farmers lost farms and moved to cities
10. What was one of the major uses of high-quality iron?
c. to make railroads
7.2
6. For what two reasons did the Industrial Revolution begin in Britain?
d. Britain had plentiful natural resources and easy access to the sea
7. How did labor and capital combine to create the Industrial Revolution?
b. Workers invested their capital in new factories and technological
8. What effect did new machine technology have on the putting-out system?
b. It ended the putting-out system
9. The flying shuttle and spinning jenny were technological advances in
c. the textile industry
10. In transportation, steam power was used to operate
d. locomotives
Chapter 7: Section 1 and Section 2
The Industrial Revolution, which took place from the 18th to 19th centuries, was a period during which, rural societies in Europe and America became industrial and urban. Prior to the Industrial Revolution, which began in Britain in the late 1700's, manufacturing was often done in people’s homes, using hand tools or basic machines. Industrialization marked a shift to powered, special-purpose machinery, factories and mass production. The iron and textile industries, along with the development of the steam engine, played central roles in the Industrial Revolution, which also saw improved systems of transportation, communication and banking. While industrialization brought about an increased volume and variety of manufactured goods and an improved standard of living for some, it also resulted in often grim employment and living conditions for the poor and working classes.
-James Watt: Made improvements to steam engine
-Smelt: Separating iron from its ore
-Enclosure: The process of taking over and consolidating land formerly share by peasant farmers
• 1760's most people worked the land and made things by hand (Clothing, Food)
• 1850's villages turned into towns and cities and people started buying things others produced
• Between 1830 and 1855 many new inventions
• 1832 sheet glass developed by Chance Brothers
Checkpoint:
-Why was the Industrial Revolution a turning point in world history?
It was a turning point because new things were invented and a person's way of life got easier because they were able to obtain things easier than having to make them for themselves.
• Farming methods were improved.
-Dutch let the way in new agricultural revolution (built earthen walls known as dikes to reclaim land from the sea)
-Made smaller field into larger ones to efficiently use the land -Used fertilizer from livestock to renew the soil
• Enclosure increases output but causes migration
-landowners had enclosed land to gain more pastures for sheep to increase wool output
-1700's wanted larger fields that could be cultivated more efficiently
-as millions of acres were enclosed, farm output rose, profits rose because large fields needed fewer works
-farm laborers were thrown out of work and small farmers were forced off their land (couldn't compete with large landholders)
-jobless farm workers migrated to towns and cities, formed growing labor force that would soon lead to the Industrial Revolution
• Population Multiplies
-agricultural revolution reduced risk of death from famine because:
1. Created surplus of food
2. People ate better, so they were healthier
3. Better hygiene and sanitation
4. Improved medical care
5. Slowed deaths from disease
Checkpoint:
-How did an agricultural revolution contribute to population growth?
The agricultural revolution reduced the risk of death from famine because it created a surplus of food. Since people ate better; they were healthier. Also, better hygiene and sanitation, along with improved medical care, further slowed deaths from disease.
• 1700's people found uses for energy
• 1712 Thomas Newcomen developed coal powered steam engine to pump water out of mines
• 1764 James Watt improved steam engine to make more efficient
• Started finding other uses for coal in this time (Fuel, Iron production)
• 1709 Abraham Darby used coal apposed to charcoal to separate iron from its core
• Darby started producing less expensive, better quality iron.
⁃ Used as parts for steam engines
⁃ Darby built first iron bridge
Checkpoint:
-What new technologies helped trigger the industrial revolution?
The realization of coal's many uses served a great purpose. People used this as a better form of transportation.
-Capital: Money used to invest in enterprises.
-Enterprise: A business organization in an area such as shipping, mining, railroads, or factories.
-Entrepreneurs: People who managed and assumed the financial risks of starting new businesses.
-Putting-out system- A system in which raw cotton was distributed to peasant families who spun it into thread that they used to make cloth in their own homes
-Eli Whitney- Inventor of the cotton gin, a machine that separated seeds from raw cotton at a fast rate
-Turnpikes- Private roads built by entrepreneurs who charged travelers a toll to use them
-Liverpool & Manchester- English cities and endpoints on the first major rail line
• During the eighteenth century agricultural practices changed.
- More food was able to be produced
- Led to a population growth in Britain
- Led to farmers being homeless and jobless.
• With a growing population, there was more demand for labor to mine coal, build factories, and run machines.
• Natural Resources:
• Britain had a plentiful amount of natural resources such as natural ports and navigable rivers.
- Rivers supplied water power and allowed for the construction of canals.
- The canals increased trade and allowed goods to be brought in the markets.
- Britain was able to transport cheaply because of their easy accessibility to the sea from all points.
• Large supply of coal and iron.
- Coal was used to power steam engines.
- Iron was used to build machines.
• During the 1700's Britain had many skilled mechanics who were eager to meet the growing demand for new and practical inventions.
- The large workforce and growing population boosted the demand for goods.
- Only thing missing was money to start businesses.
• Throughout the mid 1600's and the 1700's trade helped grow Britain's economy immensely.
- Factors that helped Britain's economy grow:
1) Slave Trade
2) Stable Government
- Britain's government built a strong navy that protected its empire, shipping, and overseas trade.
•Britain had a lot of advantages including not facing river tolls and other barriers, like other countries in Europe did.
Checkpoint:
- What conditions in Britain paved the way for the Industrial Revolution?
Population growth, supply of natural resources (such as natural ports and navigable rivers), supply of coal and iron, skilled mechanics, and a strong government.
•The Industrial Revolution started in the textile industry
-Textiles were Britain's largest industry
-Textiles imported from India had become popular in the 1600's
-Merchants used a "Putting-out System" to distribute cotton to peasants to be spun into thread
•New inventions increased production rapidly
-John Kay invented the Flying Shuttle, which wove cloth at an extremely increased rate
-James Hargreaves invented the Spinning Jenny in 1764 to spin thread from cotton
-Eli Whitney invented the Cotton Gin in 1793, which cleaned raw cotton
•Factories replaced the Putting-out System
-New machines were too large and expensive to us in homes
-Manufactures built sheds along river banks to harness water power needed to run machines
-Factories did an exponentially greater amount of work than had been done before
Checkpoint
What led to the advancement of the British textile industry?
New inventions like the Cotton Gin and the Spinning Jenny and the introduction of factories increased productivity and therefore increased overall production of cotton in Britain.
•Canal building went into a frenzy
-Canals earned revenue from tolls
-Made transporting goods easier and cheaper
-Prices of coal dropped
•Steam locomotives replaced canals
-Steam Locomotives were even faster and cheaper than canal travel
-Tracks didn't have to follow the path of a river
-By 1870, rail lines covered Britain, Europe, and North America
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrial_Revolution#Glass_making
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9e/Maquina_vapor_Watt_ETSIIM.jpg
http://www.google.com/search?q=industrial+revolution
http://www.history.com/topics/industrial-revolution
7.1
5. Which statement best describes the industrial revolution?
a. Important inventions suddenly changed life all across Europe
6. The industrial revolution began in
C. Britain
7. Charles Townshend and Jethro Tull were
a. developers of new agricultural techniques
8. What is one way improved agriculture contributed to population growth?
b. it created a surplus of food
9. How did enclosure affect British farmers?
d. Many farmers lost farms and moved to cities
10. What was one of the major uses of high-quality iron?
c. to make railroads
7.2
6. For what two reasons did the Industrial Revolution begin in Britain?
d. Britain had plentiful natural resources and easy access to the sea
7. How did labor and capital combine to create the Industrial Revolution?
b. Workers invested their capital in new factories and technological
8. What effect did new machine technology have on the putting-out system?
b. It ended the putting-out system
9. The flying shuttle and spinning jenny were technological advances in
c. the textile industry
10. In transportation, steam power was used to operate
d. locomotives